Gear drops from cells, Killer T cells, chests, bosses and more. Walk over a drop to pick it up: it floats with a 'GEAR LV' tag in its rarity colour, and anything you leave behind is still there when you come back to the room. Pieces go straight into your bag, so you keep them even if the run ends in death. Rarity odds below are before the organ cap.
Tiered elite cells drop gear far more often. Orange elites usually drop a piece and red elites always do.
An elite never drops lower than two tiers below its own (a purple elite drops green or better)
Item level bonus equal to the elite's tier
Higher elites also drop Shards, Chaperones and, in Endless Game Mode, Ribozyme Cores
From the Codex
Immune cells exist in resting and activated states. Activated cells are bigger, multiply, produce more weapons and live longer; trained memory cells respond faster on a second encounter.
Fun fact: An activated T cell can divide every 4 to 6 hours, turning one cell into thousands within days.
Taking cities, continents and the world pays gear you can't get anywhere else.
Each person infected (a won run): +4 Polymerase Shards and about a third of an RNA strand (a whole strand every few people)
Each city taken: an Epic piece (item level 10 + 4 per city taken), +1 RNA, +3 Chaperones, +1 Ribozyme Core
Each continent: its full Legendary five-piece set and +3 RNA
The whole world: the full Prismatic Pandemic Crown set and +9 RNA
From the Codex
How the world fights back in Pandemic Game Mode: every city, its continent and the world answer your spread with responses that change every run you play there.
Fun fact: Every response card on the world map says exactly what it changes; tap a diamond on a city's timeline to jump to that card. The breaking-news ticker lists every response in force, newest first.